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Whitepaper #027 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: space weather research/applications/operations pipeline; planetary ionospheres / upper atmospheres.
Current whole atmosphere models are limited regarding their ability to predict space weather disturbances caused by waves from below. This is largely because of insufficient representation of gravity waves (GWs). We describe some major requirements necessary for the explicit simulation of GWs and the associated multi-step vertical coupling in high-resolution whole-atmosphere models.