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Whitepaper #043 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: space weather research/operations/research loop; user-need-driven basic space weather research.
Space weather associated with meso-scale solar wind structures, comparable in size to the magnetosphere, has been largely ignored, as it is the standard to predict the solar wind conditions, based on a single monitor at L1. Future space weather monitoring missions should be adequately equipped to predict the gradients associated with meso-scale solar wind structures, and in advance of L1.