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Whitepaper #054 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: space weather research/operations/research loop; ground-based missions/projects; user-need-driven basic […]
The critical observational unknown that links the magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere is the conductivity. At present the conductivity is poorly observed. Here we argue that distributed HF remote sensing is the best means of achieving the required observational coverage of this parameter, due to its relatively low cost, proven success in operational applications, and scalability.