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Whitepaper #237 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: basic research. Additional topics: planetary magnetospheres; planetary ionospheres / upper atmospheres; space-based missions/projects.
A mission is needed to observe the spatial pattern of ionospheric outflow and its relation to geospace driving conditions. Initial cost estimates suggest that such a mission could be achieved within the constraints of the Small Explorer mission line with minimal instrumentation (i.e., only low-energy ions), or at the Mid-sized Explorer line with additional contextual measurements.