The Critical Need for Innovations in Instruments and Techniques to Enable In-Situ Cold Ion and Cold Electron Measurements within the Magnetosphere

The lack of accurate measurements of the cold ion and cold electron populations through the magnetosphere makes closure of long-standing science questions extremely difficult if not impossible. This will require innovations in plasma spectrometers and associated techniques required to obtain high-fidelity in-situ measurements of the cold ion and cold electron populations in the magnetosphere.