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Whitepaper #335 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: space weather applications; basic research. Additional topics: space weather research/applications/operations pipeline; ground-based missions/projects; solar physics; […]
The physical conditions on the Sun can be inferred from the shapes of solar spectral lines by solving a complicated, ill-posed inverse problem. Powerful codes are being developed that treat complex aspects of the solar atmosphere. To unlock their full potential, the community must make a concerted, sizable effort to improve the physical veracity and computational tractability of these techniques.