Investigating bidirectional, multiscale, and nonlinear feedback in plasma-neutral coupling, using Geospace to study universal phenomena

Geospace, which extends from Earth’s middle atmosphere through the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, serves as a “natural laboratory” that is readily accessible and can be used to explore how ionized and neutral gases, under a variety of drivers, interact to produce complex, multiscale, and nonlinear feedback that is bidirectional, and which modifies both populations.