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Whitepaper #368 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: basic research. Additional topics: planetary magnetospheres; fundamental space plasma theory; space-based missions/projects.
The spectrometer suites onboard NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission offered us an unexpected breakthrough in measurement capability that no spacecraft or laboratory experiment has achieved previously: the ingeniously engineered FPI dual ion and electron spectrometers enable direct measurement of terms in the Vlasov equation for the first time in the history of plasma physics research.