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Whitepaper #397 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: basic research. Additional topics: planetary magnetospheres; system science.
Explore and establish the consequences of and causal role between energetic particle precipitation (i.e., ring current, radiation belt, and solar energetic particles) and: i) transient events of mesospheric NOx and HOx production, ozone depletion, and stratospheric and tropospheric warming and ii) localized, transient structures and sporadic intensification of the D- and E-region ionospheres.